> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://prime-stake-pool.gitbook.io/node-setup-guide/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://prime-stake-pool.gitbook.io/node-setup-guide/linux-fundamentals/basic-commands.md).

# Basic Commands

`ls`   List files and directories 

`ls -l`   List files and directories with long format - shows permissions

`ls -lh`   Shows file sizes in human readable format

`ls -a`   List files and directories including hidden

`ls -t`   sort by time & date

`lsblk`   Listing block devices on a Linux system

`pwd`   Check current working directory

`cd`   Change current working directory

`clear`   Clear terminal screen

`mkdir`   Create directories

`mv`   Move or rename files and directories

`cp`   Copy files and directories 

`rmdir`   Remove Empty Directories in Linux

`rm`  Delete Files and Directories in Linux

`touch`  Change or Modify Timestamps of File or Directory

`cat`  Print or View Contents of File 

`echo`  Print Line of Text or String 

`less`  Read Contents of Text File 

`tar`  Create and Extract Tar Archive Files 

`gzip`  Use the Gzip Command 

`grep`  Search Text or String in Files

`head`  Print First 10 Lines of Files

`tail`  Print Last 10 Lines

`cut`  Cut Sections of Line in File

`tee`  Use ‘tee’ Command

`sort`  Sort Files Based on Sizes

`uniq`  Remove Duplicate Lines

`service`  Linux command to start and stop services

`ps`  List currently nunning Linux processes

`kill`  and `killall`  Kill active processes by process ID or namerocess

`chown`  Change File Owner and Group 

`chgrp` ** C**hange the group ownership of files and directories

`chmod`  **C**hange the access permissions of files and directories

`ifconfig`  Configure Network Interface

`ip`  Configure Network Interface

`netstat`  Check Network Listening Ports in Linux

`nmap`  A Network and Security Auditing Tool for Linux

`traceroute`  Trace all the network hops to reach the destination

`dig`  Query DNS in Linux

`nslookup`  Query Internet Domain Name Servers

`ufw`   Firewall command

`iptables`  Base firewall for all other firewall utilities to interface with

`wget`  Download Files from Network

`curl`  Transfer Data From or To a Server

`apt`  Install Packages in Debian-based Systems

`apt-get`  Manage Packages in Debian-based Systems

`yum`  Install Software Packages in RHEL-based Systems

`dnf`  Install Software Packages in Fedora

`rpm`  Install RPM Packages in RHEL-based Systems

`alias`  Create and Use Alias Command in Linux

`top`  Monitor Running Linux Processes

`useradd`  Create New Users in Linux

`usermod`  Change existing user data

`passwd`  Create or update passwords for existing users

`chage`  Manage User Password Expiration and Aging in Linux

`sleep`  Use “sleep” Command in Linux

`screen`  Getting Started with Linux Screen Command

`pv`  Monitor Progress of Data in Linux

`fgrep`  Search for Strings in Linux

`dir`  Create New Directories in Linux

`egrep`  Search Patterns in Files in Linux

`ssh`  Basic SSH Command Usage and Configuration in Linux

`fd`  A Simple and Fast Alternative to Find Command

`lsof`  List Open Files in Linux

`dd`  Learn dd Command in Linux

`df`  Check Disk Usage of Linux File System

`du`  Find Disk Usage of Files and Directories

`tree`  List Directory in Tree-like Format in Linux

`ss`  Monitor Network Connection Statistics in Linux

`partx`  List Disk Partitions in Linux

`uptime`  Check the Running Time of Linux System

`tr`  Translate or Delete Characters in Linux

`ping`  Check Network Connectivity Between Hosts in Linux

`zcat`  View Contents of Compressed File in Linux

`xargs`  Build and Execute Commands from Standard Input

`stat`  Check File or File System Status in Linux

`who`  Print information about users who are currently logged in

`whoami`  Print effective username of the user who ran `whoami`

`whereis`  Locate the binary, source, and manual pages for a command

`whatis`   Find what a command is used for

`locate`  Find Files by Name in Linux

`host`  Find IP Address of Domain Name in Linux

`find`  Find Files and Directories in Linux

`fuser`  Find PIDs of Processes Using Files or Sockets in Linux

`at`  Schedule a Command on Particular Time in Linux

`fdisk`  Create and Manage Disk Partitions in Linux

`parted`  Create, Resize, and Rescue Disk Partitions in Linux

`wc`  Count Number of Lines, Words, Characters in Linux

`dpkg`  Manage .deb Packages in Debian-based Systems

`dmesg`  Troubleshoot and Collect Information of Linux Systems

`chattr`  Make Important Files IMMUTABLE in Linux

`free`  Check Memory Usage in Linux

`cron`  Schedule tasks to run automatically at specific times or intervals

`systemctl`  Powerful utility in Linux used to manage the `systemd` system and service manager

`mysql`  Backup and Restore MySQL Databases in Linux

`sdiff`  Check Difference Between Two Files in Linux

`history`  View Previously Executed Linux Command

`sftp`  Securely Transfer Files Between Linux Systems

`tcpdump`  Analyzer Network Packets in Linux

`scp`  Copy Files and Directories Between Remote Linux

`rsync`  Sync Files and Directories Between Remote Linux

`fsck`  Repair File System Errors in Linux

`bc`  Do Basic Calculations in Linux

`ffmpeg`  Convert Video, Audio, and Image in Linux

`mknod`  Create Device Files in Linux

`nano`  A user-friendly, command-line text editor

`vim`  A powerful text editor in Linux, primarily used for creating and editing files