Interaction Between Layers

The Linux operating system has a layered architecture that facilitates interaction between hardware and software.

1. Hardware ↔ Kernel:

   1. Device drivers in the kernel interact directly with the hardware components to manage their functions.

2. Kernel ↔ Shell/System Libraries:

   1. The kernel provides low-level system calls that are accessed via system libraries or shell commands.

3. Shell ↔ User Applications:

   1. The shell interprets user commands and executes them by interacting with the kernel or utilities.

4. User Applications ↔ System Libraries:

   1. Applications use system libraries to perform high-level tasks like file handling, networking, and graphics rendering.